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  <section id="module-os.path">
<span id="os-path-common-pathname-manipulations"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code></a> — Common pathname manipulations<a class="headerlink" href="#module-os.path" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.9/Lib/posixpath.py">Lib/posixpath.py</a> (for POSIX) and
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.9/Lib/ntpath.py">Lib/ntpath.py</a> (for Windows NT).</p>
<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
<p>This module implements some useful functions on pathnames. To read or
write files see <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a>, and for accessing the filesystem see the
<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a> module. The path parameters can be passed as either strings,
or bytes. Applications are encouraged to represent file names as
(Unicode) character strings. Unfortunately, some file names may not be
representable as strings on Unix, so applications that need to support
arbitrary file names on Unix should use bytes objects to represent
path names. Vice versa, using bytes objects cannot represent all file
names on Windows (in the standard <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mbcs</span></code> encoding), hence Windows
applications should use string objects to access all files.</p>
<p>Unlike a unix shell, Python does not do any <em>automatic</em> path expansions.
Functions such as <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expanduser()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.expandvars" title="os.path.expandvars"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expandvars()</span></code></a> can be invoked
explicitly when an application desires shell-like path expansion.  (See also
the <a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> module.)</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="pathlib.html#module-pathlib" title="pathlib: Object-oriented filesystem paths"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code></a> module offers high-level path objects.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>All of these functions accept either only bytes or only string objects as
their parameters.  The result is an object of the same type, if a path or
file name is returned.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Since different operating systems have different path name conventions, there
are several versions of this module in the standard library.  The
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code></a> module is always the path module suitable for the operating
system Python is running on, and therefore usable for local paths.  However,
you can also import and use the individual modules if you want to manipulate
a path that is <em>always</em> in one of the different formats.  They all have the
same interface:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixpath</span></code> for UNIX-style paths</p></li>
<li><p><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ntpath</span></code> for Windows paths</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exists()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.lexists" title="os.path.lexists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lexists()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isdir" title="os.path.isdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isdir()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isfile" title="os.path.isfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isfile()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.ismount" title="os.path.ismount"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ismount()</span></code></a> now return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> instead of
raising an exception for paths that contain characters or bytes
unrepresentable at the OS level.</p>
</div>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.abspath">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">abspath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.abspath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname <em>path</em>. On most
platforms, this is equivalent to calling the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.normpath" title="os.path.normpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normpath()</span></code></a> as
follows: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normpath(join(os.getcwd(),</span> <span class="pre">path))</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.basename">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">basename</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.basename" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the base name of pathname <em>path</em>.  This is the second element of the
pair returned by passing <em>path</em> to the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.split" title="os.path.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a>.  Note that
the result of this function is different
from the Unix <strong class="program">basename</strong> program; where <strong class="program">basename</strong> for
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'/foo/bar/'</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'bar'</span></code>, the <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basename()</span></code></a> function returns an
empty string (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>).</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.commonpath">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">commonpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">paths</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.commonpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the longest common sub-path of each pathname in the sequence
<em>paths</em>.  Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> if <em>paths</em> contain both absolute
and relative pathnames, the <em>paths</em> are on the different drives or
if <em>paths</em> is empty.  Unlike <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.commonprefix" title="os.path.commonprefix"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commonprefix()</span></code></a>, this returns a
valid path.</p>
<p class="availability"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Unix, Windows.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.5.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a sequence of <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like objects</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.commonprefix">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">commonprefix</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">list</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.commonprefix" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that is a
prefix of all paths in  <em>list</em>.  If <em>list</em> is empty, return the empty string
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>).</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>This function may return invalid paths because it works a
character at a time.  To obtain a valid path, see
<a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.commonpath" title="os.path.commonpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commonpath()</span></code></a>.</p>
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commonprefix</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;/usr/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/usr/local/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">&#39;/usr/l&#39;</span>

<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commonpath</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">&#39;/usr/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/usr/local/lib&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">&#39;/usr&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.dirname">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">dirname</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.dirname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the directory name of pathname <em>path</em>.  This is the first element of
the pair returned by passing <em>path</em> to the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.split" title="os.path.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.exists">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">exists</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.exists" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an existing path or an open
file descriptor.  Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> for broken symbolic links.  On
some platforms, this function may return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if permission is
not granted to execute <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> on the requested file, even
if the <em>path</em> physically exists.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span><em>path</em> can now be an integer: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> is returned if it is an
 open file descriptor, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.lexists">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">lexists</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.lexists" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an existing path. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> for
broken symbolic links.   Equivalent to <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exists()</span></code></a> on platforms lacking
<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.lstat" title="os.lstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.lstat()</span></code></a>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<span class="target" id="index-1"></span><dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.expanduser">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">expanduser</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.expanduser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> replaced by that <em>user</em>’s home directory.</p>
<p id="index-2">On Unix, an initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> is replaced by the environment variable <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOME</span></code>
if it is set; otherwise the current user’s home directory is looked up in the
password directory through the built-in module <a class="reference internal" href="pwd.html#module-pwd" title="pwd: The password database (getpwnam() and friends). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code></a>. An initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code>
is looked up directly in the password directory.</p>
<p>On Windows, <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USERPROFILE</span></code> will be used if set, otherwise a combination
of <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOMEPATH</span></code> and <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOMEDRIVE</span></code> will be used.  An initial
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> is handled by stripping the last directory component from the created
user path derived above.</p>
<p>If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde, the path is
returned unchanged.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>No longer uses <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOME</span></code> on Windows.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<span class="target" id="index-8"></span><dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.expandvars">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">expandvars</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.expandvars" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the argument with environment variables expanded.  Substrings of the form
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$name</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${name}</span></code> are replaced by the value of environment variable
<em>name</em>.  Malformed variable names and references to non-existing variables are
left unchanged.</p>
<p>On Windows, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%name%</span></code> expansions are supported in addition to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$name</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${name}</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.getatime">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getatime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getatime" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the time of last access of <em>path</em>.  The return value is a floating point number giving
the number of seconds since the epoch (see the  <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module).  Raise
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.getmtime">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getmtime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getmtime" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the time of last modification of <em>path</em>.  The return value is a floating point number
giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the  <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module).
Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.getctime">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getctime</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getctime" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the system’s ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the time of the
last metadata change, and, on others (like Windows), is the creation time for <em>path</em>.
The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see
the  <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module).  Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or
is inaccessible.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.getsize">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">getsize</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getsize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the size, in bytes, of <em>path</em>.  Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does
not exist or is inaccessible.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.isabs">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">isabs</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isabs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an absolute pathname.  On Unix, that means it
begins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with a (back)slash after chopping
off a potential drive letter.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.isfile">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">isfile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isfile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> regular file.
This follows symbolic links, so both <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isfile" title="os.path.isfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isfile()</span></code></a> can
be true for the same path.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.isdir">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">isdir</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isdir" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> directory.  This
follows symbolic links, so both <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isdir" title="os.path.isdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isdir()</span></code></a> can be true
for the same path.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.islink">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">islink</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.islink" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> directory
entry that is a symbolic link.  Always <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if symbolic links are not
supported by the Python runtime.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.ismount">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">ismount</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.ismount" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if pathname <em>path</em> is a <em class="dfn">mount point</em>: a point in a
file system where a different file system has been mounted.  On POSIX, the
function checks whether <em>path</em>’s parent, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">path</span></em><span class="pre">/..</span></code>, is on a different
device than <em>path</em>, or whether <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">path</span></em><span class="pre">/..</span></code> and <em>path</em> point to the same
i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix
and POSIX variants.  It is not able to reliably detect bind mounts on the
same filesystem.  On Windows, a drive letter root and a share UNC are
always mount points, and for any other path <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GetVolumePathName</span></code> is called
to see if it is different from the input path.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 3.4: </span>Support for detecting non-root mount points on Windows.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.join">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">join</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em>, <em class="sig-param">*paths</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.join" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Join one or more path components intelligently.  The return value is the
concatenation of <em>path</em> and any members of <em>*paths</em> with exactly one
directory separator following each non-empty part except the last, meaning
that the result will only end in a separator if the last part is empty.  If
a component is an absolute path, all previous components are thrown away
and joining continues from the absolute path component.</p>
<p>On Windows, the drive letter is not reset when an absolute path component
(e.g., <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r'\foo'</span></code>) is encountered.  If a component contains a drive
letter, all previous components are thrown away and the drive letter is
reset.  Note that since there is a current directory for each drive,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.join(&quot;c:&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;foo&quot;)</span></code> represents a path relative to the current
directory on drive <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:</span></code> (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c:foo</span></code>), not <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c:\foo</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a> for <em>path</em> and <em>paths</em>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.normcase">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">normcase</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.normcase" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Normalize the case of a pathname.  On Windows, convert all characters in the
pathname to lowercase, and also convert forward slashes to backward slashes.
On other operating systems, return the path unchanged.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.normpath">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">normpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.normpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Normalize a pathname by collapsing redundant separators and up-level
references so that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A//B</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/B/</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/./B</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/foo/../B</span></code> all
become <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/B</span></code>.  This string manipulation may change the meaning of a path
that contains symbolic links.  On Windows, it converts forward slashes to
backward slashes. To normalize case, use <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.normcase" title="os.path.normcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normcase()</span></code></a>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.realpath">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">realpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.realpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any symbolic
links encountered in the path (if they are supported by the operating
system).</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>When symbolic link cycles occur, the returned path will be one member of
the cycle, but no guarantee is made about which member that will be.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>Symbolic links and junctions are now resolved on Windows.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.relpath">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">relpath</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em>, <em class="sig-param">start=os.curdir</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.relpath" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a relative filepath to <em>path</em> either from the current directory or
from an optional <em>start</em> directory.  This is a path computation:  the
filesystem is not accessed to confirm the existence or nature of <em>path</em> or
<em>start</em>.  On Windows, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised when <em>path</em> and <em>start</em>
are on different drives.</p>
<p><em>start</em> defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.curdir" title="os.curdir"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.curdir</span></code></a>.</p>
<p class="availability"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Unix, Windows.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.samefile">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">samefile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path1</em>, <em class="sig-param">path2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.samefile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory.
This is determined by the device number and i-node number and raises an
exception if an <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> call on either pathname fails.</p>
<p class="availability"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Unix, Windows.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added Windows support.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Windows now uses the same implementation as all other platforms.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.sameopenfile">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">sameopenfile</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">fp1</em>, <em class="sig-param">fp2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.sameopenfile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the file descriptors <em>fp1</em> and <em>fp2</em> refer to the same file.</p>
<p class="availability"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Unix, Windows.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added Windows support.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.samestat">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">samestat</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">stat1</em>, <em class="sig-param">stat2</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.samestat" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the stat tuples <em>stat1</em> and <em>stat2</em> refer to the same file.
These structures may have been returned by <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fstat" title="os.fstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fstat()</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.lstat" title="os.lstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.lstat()</span></code></a>, or <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a>.  This function implements the
underlying comparison used by <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.samefile" title="os.path.samefile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">samefile()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.sameopenfile" title="os.path.sameopenfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sameopenfile()</span></code></a>.</p>
<p class="availability"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Unix, Windows.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added Windows support.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.split">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">split</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.split" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(head,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> where <em>tail</em> is the
last pathname component and <em>head</em> is everything leading up to that.  The
<em>tail</em> part will never contain a slash; if <em>path</em> ends in a slash, <em>tail</em>
will be empty.  If there is no slash in <em>path</em>, <em>head</em> will be empty.  If
<em>path</em> is empty, both <em>head</em> and <em>tail</em> are empty.  Trailing slashes are
stripped from <em>head</em> unless it is the root (one or more slashes only).  In
all cases, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">join(head,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> returns a path to the same location as <em>path</em>
(but the strings may differ).  Also see the functions <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.dirname" title="os.path.dirname"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dirname()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basename()</span></code></a>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.splitdrive">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">splitdrive</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitdrive" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(drive,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> where <em>drive</em> is either
a mount point or the empty string.  On systems which do not use drive
specifications, <em>drive</em> will always be the empty string.  In all cases, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drive</span>
<span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">tail</span></code> will be the same as <em>path</em>.</p>
<p>On Windows, splits a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path.</p>
<p>If the path contains a drive letter, drive will contain everything
up to and including the colon.
e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">splitdrive(&quot;c:/dir&quot;)</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(&quot;c:&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;/dir&quot;)</span></code></p>
<p>If the path contains a UNC path, drive will contain the host name
and share, up to but not including the fourth separator.
e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">splitdrive(&quot;//host/computer/dir&quot;)</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(&quot;//host/computer&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">&quot;/dir&quot;)</span></code></p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="os.path.splitext">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">splitext</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param">path</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitext" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(root,</span> <span class="pre">ext)</span></code>  such that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">ext</span> <span class="pre">==</span>
<span class="pre">path</span></code>, and <em>ext</em> is empty or begins with a period and contains at most one
period. Leading periods on the basename are  ignored; <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">splitext('.cshrc')</span></code>
returns  <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">('.cshrc',</span> <span class="pre">'')</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="data">
<dt id="os.path.supports_unicode_filenames">
<code class="sig-prename descclassname">os.path.</code><code class="sig-name descname">supports_unicode_filenames</code><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.supports_unicode_filenames" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within limitations
imposed by the file system).</p>
</dd></dl>

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